Cys(BDP630/650)-Galanin (1-30) Human – Fluorescent Peptides

Galanin (1-30) (human) is an endogenous neuropeptide with endocrine, metabolic and behavioural effects. Galanin has a role in intestinal smooth muscle contraction, insulin and somatostatin release, and synaptic neurotransmission. Galanin is widely distributed in the central nervous, peripheral, and endocrine systems. Galanin’s overarching function is as an inhibitory, hyper-polarizing neuromodulator for classical neurotransmitters like acetylcholine and serotonin. Galanin interacts with 3 receptor subtypes, GalR1-3 G protein-coupled receptors inserted into the plasma membrane. GalR1 is believed to activate a Gβγ pathway to regulate MAPK activation. GalR2 can also activate the MAPK pathway, but unlike GalR1, there is detectable inositol phosphate production. GalR3 is associated with the Galphai/o pathway. Activation of the receptor leads to a cellular influx of K+. Each receptor has been associated with neurological diseases such as GalR3 and epilepsy. Galanin protects against various physiological insults in vitro, including excitotoxicity and β-amyloid toxicity. Changes in galanin have been widely studied in Alzheimer’s disease, and galaninergic neurons are spared in late-stage Alzheimer’s relative to non-galaninergic neurones. Galanin (1-30) has been used as an agonist for the GalR2 receptor in vitro for calcium mobilisation assays to understand the role Galanin/GalR2 play in multiple sclerosis. Galanin (1-30) is provided with an N-terminal borondipyrromethene (BDP) fluorophore (630/650), excitation/ emission 628/642nm. It offers a relatively long fluorescence time and high quantum yield as a fluorophore. BDP630/650 is highly suited to in vivo cell imaging, co-localisation imaging and dynamic organelle fusion. Galanin (1-30) is provided with an N-terminal cysteine residue that allows site-specific conjugation.