[Cys] citrullinated alpha enolase – Other Categories

α enolase (ENO1) is an isozyme of enolase, the other two being ENO2 (ENO-&γ-) and ENO3 (ENO-β). Each isoform is a protein subunit that can hetero- or homodimerise to form αα, αβ, α&γ-, ββ, and &γ-&γ- dimers. As an enolase, ENO1 is a glycolytic enzyme the catalyses the conversion of 2-phosphoglycerate to phosphoenolpyruvate. This isozyme is ubiquitously expressed in adult human tissues, including liver, brain, kidney, and spleen. Within cells, ENO1 predominantly localizes to the cytoplasm, though an alternatively translated form is localized to the nucleus. Its nuclear form, also known as MBP1, functions solely as a tumor suppressor by binding and inhibiting the c-myc protooncogene promoter, and lacks the glycolytic enzyme activity of the cytoplasmic form. ENO1 also plays a role in other functions, including a cell surface receptor for plasminogen on pathogens, such as streptococci, and activated immune cells, leading to systemic infection or tissue invasion- an oxidative stress protein in endothelial cells- a lens crystalline- a heat shock protein- and a binding partner of cytoskeletal and chromatin structures to aid in transcription. ENO1 overexpression has been associated with multiple tumours, as well as with autoimmune, gastrointestinal and haematological diseases.